Pdf renewable energy

Data was recorded at 1 hour intervals by a data-logger stored on site and retrieved weekly [4]. Average daily and monthly temperatures were then calculated. A pyranometer on a flat surface and voltmeter were used to record irradiance readings at 5—minute intervals over a hour period for one month was Figure 5. Shade Analysis The cost-effectiveness of a PV system depends crucially on positioning its solar array to capture as much sunlight as possible [6].

Shading of a single cell connected in series in a module can cause multiple problems including dissipation of power, cracking, overheating, melting of solder or damage to the encapsulating material [6]. This problem is termed hotspot formation. The same occurs on a larger scale, that is, a single shaded module in an array can cause significant power dissipation from the entire array due to hotspot formation.

It is therefore important to reduce the formation of shadows on PV modules, especially shadows caused by permanent objects such as nearby trees and buildings. As such, shade analyses were conducted at potential solar panel locations on the compound. In addition, the available area and average temperature at the site were recorded [7].

Site locations were chosen based on available area and potential for shade development by surrounding obstructions.

Theodolite surveying software package which allowed measurement of azimuth, horizon angle, elevation angle and photographic capturing of the horizon were employed [7]. The site survey showed that m2 of land space was available within the compound of the Orangefield WWTP. However, not all of the available land was suitable for placing solar modules due to shading. From the site survey carried out, location A, shown in Figure 7, was the most suitable location for placement of the solar PV panels.

This was due to the low potential for shading by surrounding objects. The shade analysis conducted revealed a potential loss of 0. The minimum and maximum daily temperatures recorded were The ambient temperature was important to predict solar panel efficiency and operation calculations [8, 9]. Solar Modules panels The power rating of the solar panels were used in the selection criteria to determine the number required to build a 41 kW tracking system and a The design life of the system was 25 years.

The specifications of the selected solar panel were [12]: 3. Mounting and tracking system [11] Tracking system Single-axis azimuth No. The cost-benefit assessment was compared to existing commercial rate of grid supplied power for Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, St.

Vincent, United States of America and Canada [15]. Operation and maintenance [14] The annual operation and maintenance cost was estimated as 0. This is a highly subsidise price and is one of the lowest rate in Latin America [16]. This value was calculated based on the average for an 18 month period from November to May An annual rate of increase in commercial electricity rate was estimated at 4.

Comparative Payback Period Based on the simple costing analysis a comparative payback period for different countries in the region was determined. The analysis was based on the total cost of a PV system with and without battery banks grid tied and with and without tracking. The comparative payback period for different countries was based on the current commercial rate for grid power for the respective countries and the results shown on Table 2 [17].

The power generation plants in the country are all natural gas based and the cost of power to the consumer is highly subsidised. As such Trinidad and Tobago has one of the lowest rates for electrical power in the region as can be seen from Table 2.

In recent times the Trinidad and Tobago government has been encouraging investment in renewable energy and renewable energy projects. This has become necessary with the global trend to reduce carbon emissions and the grim projections of the depletion of oil and gas reserves in the not-so-distant future [20]. The design life of most PV systems is rated as 25 years.

Therefore, in Trinidad and Tobago, even the most cost effective PV system was not financially feasible [21]. However, the negative environmental concerns and global warming phenomenon has driven oil and gas rich countries to push for reducing the carbon emissions and invest in renewable energy research and technology [21, 22]. Table 2. The consumer cost reflected on Table 2 is much closer to the actual cost of power production.

Vincent, the prospect of solar power is more attractive and feasible due to the three times higher power cost. As indicated on Table 2 for these two countries, the least costly and most expensive PV system has a minimum and maximum payback period of 9.

The analysis indicated that present investment in solar power technology is a viable and feasible option when compared to the real cost of fusel fuel generated electricity. Accessed December 20, Interview by author, 7 August. Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago.

Accessed June 4, Accessed January 5, Accessed December 9, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Greenberg, Aidan R. Vining, and David L. However, there are a number of potential challenges Renewable Energy Integration is a ground-breaking new resource — the first to offer a distilled examination of the intricacies of integrating renewables into the power grid and electricity markets. It offers informed perspectives from internationally renowned experts on the challenges to be met Get this from a library!

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