Mildly affected dogs may recover after the first febrile episode. Clinical signs of these uncomplicated cases of ICH frequently last 5 to 7 days before improvement. Persistent signs may be found in dogs with a concurrent viral infection such as canine distemper or in dogs that develop chronic active hepatitis.
More severe or additional clinical signs occur in dogs that are co-infected with other pathogens. Corneal edema and anterior uveitis usually occur when clinical recovery begins and may be the only clinical abnormalities seen in dogs with inapparent infection also see Infectious Canine Hepatitis in Chapter Dogs with corneal edema show blepharospasm, photophobia, and serous ocular discharge.
Clouding of the cornea usually begins at the limbus and spreads centrally Fig. Ocular pain, present during the early stages of infection, usually subsides when the cornea becomes completely clouded. However, pain may return with the development of glaucoma or corneal ulceration and perforation. In uncomplicated cases, clearing of the cornea begins at the limbus and spreads centrally. Early hematologic findings in ICH include leukopenia with lymphopenia and neutropenia.
Neutrophilia and lymphocytosis occur later in dogs with uncomplicated clinical recovery. An increased number of dark-staining activated lymphocytes and nucleated erythrocytes may be found. The degree of increased activities of alanine aminotransferase ALT , aspartate aminotransferase, and serum alkaline phosphatase depends on the time of sampling and the magnitude of hepatic necrosis.
These enzyme increases continue until day 14 postinoculation, after which they decline, although persistent or recurrent elevations may be found in dogs that develop chronic active hepatitis. Moderate to marked bilirubinuria is frequently found owing to the low renal threshold for conjugated bilirubin in the dog; hyperbilirubinemia is uncommon.
Of diagnostic importance, the increase in ALT, a measure of hepatocellular necrosis, is often disproportionately higher than the increase in serum bilirubin, despite the diffuse nature of the hepatic injury. This disparity, which is typical for ICH and differentiates it from most other causes of widespread hepatic necrosis, results from the predominant centrilobular nature of the necrosis around the hepatic venules.
In contrast, the periportal, peripheral lobular regions around the bile duct are spared. Measures of hepatic function, such as serum ammonia levels or bile acid retention, can be increased during the acute course of ICH or later in dogs that develop chronic hepatic fibrosis. Similarly, hypoglycemia may be found in dogs in the terminal phases of the disease.
Coagulation abnormalities characteristic of DIC are most pronounced during the viremic stages of the disease. One-stage prothrombin time, activated partial prothrombin time aPTT , and thrombin time are variably prolonged. Factor VIII activity is decreased, and fibrin or fibrinogen degradation products are increased. Platelet dysfunction and later prolongation of the aPTT probably result from increased fibrinogen degradation products. Prolongation of the prothrombin time is usually less noticeable.
The increase in glomerular permeability can result from localization of the virus in initial stages of infection. Abdominal paracentesis yields a fluid that varies in color from clear yellow to bright red, depending on the amount of blood present.
It is usually an exudate with inflammatory cells and with a protein content greater than 5. Bone marrow cytology reflects the dramatic change in leukocytes in the peripheral circulation. Megakaryocytes are absent or decreased during the viremic stage of the disease, and those that are present may have altered morphology.
Cerebrospinal fluid is within reference limits in dogs with neurologic signs caused by hepatoencephalopathy; it is usually abnormal in dogs that develop nonsuppurative encephalitis from localization of the virus within the brain.
The aqueous humor also has increased concentrations of protein and cells associated with anterior uveitis. Results of laboratory procedures previously discussed are suggestive of ICH and are the primary means of making a diagnosis in clinical practice. Antemortem confirmation, although not essential for appropriate therapy, can be obtained by serologic testing, virus isolation, and immunofluorescent staining for intralesional virus.
Serologic tests include virus neutralization, indirect hemagglutination assay, complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These tests usually show higher titers after infection with virulent virus in contrast with that in MLV vaccines. CAV-1 can be isolated because it is highly resistant and readily replicates in cell cultures of several species, including dogs. Typical adenovirus-induced cytopathology includes clustering of host cells and detachment from the monolayers with the formation of intranuclear inclusions.
The virus is isolated in the anterior chamber during the mild phase of uveitis before antibody infiltration and immune complex formation.
Culturing the virus from the liver of dogs is often difficult because hepatic arginase inhibits viral nucleic acid replication. Suture Pattern Techniques. Contamination Potential of Propofol. Pinaverium Bromide. Allograft Cortical Bone Plate. Exocrine Pancreatic Function. Free-Form External Fixators. Full Thickness Skin Grafting.
High Frequency Ultrasound. Insecticide Susceptibility. Endoscopic Findings: Psittacines. Labrador Elbow Dysplasia. Pancarpal Arthrodesis. Parasitic Infection. Percutaneous Heartworm Removal. Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency. Toxoplasmosis in Lahore-Pakistan. Serum Calcium. Stress-Induced Apoptosis. Thermoplastic Resin. Cardiorespiratory Safety. Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composites. Markers of Mammary Tumors. Iodine Contrast Medium.
Abstracts - Poster. Cox-2 Selective Drugs. Gastric Lesions. Infusion Rates of Propofol. Modified Fascia Lata Overlap. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase Tramadol vs. Degradable Porous Scaffolds. Tissue Doppler Assessment. Toggle Pin Stabilization. Anesthetic Indices. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Dietary Protein Intake. Green Tea Extract. Inspired Oxygen Fractions. Topical Corticosteroids. Efficacy of New Food. Enamel Matrix Derivative. Endoscopic Placement. Enhanced Osteogenesis.
Markers of Testicular Tumors. Vesicoureteral Reflux Induction. Finishing the Pregnancy. Hemodynamic Alterations. Hepatic Small Cell Lymphosarcoma. Canine Parvovirus Strains. Influence of Neutering.
Spirulina Platensis. Lymphocyte Deformability. Management of Fractures. Modified Stabilization Method. Molecular Screening. Online Mendelian Inheritance. Progressive Lysosomal Storage Disease. Percutaneous Hip Denervation. Feline Gastric Helicobacters. Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria.
Radiographic Renal Dimensions. Adrenal Cortex. Renal Excretion of Phosphate. Fungal Contaminated Pet Food. Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose.
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction. Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Caveolin-1 Expression. Apoptotic Factor of Synovial Fluid. Influence of Feeding. Coxofemoral Luxation.
Transvenous Coil Embolization. Canine Babesiosis. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Myofascial Trigger Point Therapy. Myofascial Trigger Points. Science of Acupuncture.
Avoid Anesthetic Disasters. Reducing Pain Factor. Septic Shock. RBC Transfusions. Transfusions without RBCs. Animal Welfare.
DNA Methods. Ethical Issues. Gene Bank. Inherited Eye Diseases. Canine Enrichment. Sound Phobias. Dominance Myth. Feline Enrichment. Feline Housesoiling. Recommended for the vaccination of healthy dogs as an aid in the prevention of disease caused by canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 1 hepatitis , canine adenovirus type 2 respiratory disease , canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine parvovirus and against leptospiral disease due to L. Recommended for the vaccination of healthy dogs as an aid in the prevention of disease caused by canine distemper virus, adenovirus type 1 hepatitis , canine parainfluenza virus, and canine parvovirus.
Additionally, it is an aid in the prevention of disease, urinary shedding and mortality caused by L. Recommended for the vaccination of healthy dogs for prevention of disease caused by canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus and as an aid in the prevention of disease caused by canine adenovirus both infectious canine hepatitis and infectious tracheobronchitis for up to 3 years following initial and booster vaccinations. An intranasal vaccine shown to be effective for vaccination of healthy dogs 3 weeks of age or older against canine adenovirus type 2, canine parainfluenza virus, and Bordetella bronchiseptica.
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